Fwd: The Boeing Case - The DOJ's Response

---------- Forwarded message ----------
From: "Shurat HaDin - Israel Law Center" <info@israellawcenter.org>
Date: Feb 11, 2018 8:00 AM
Subject: The Boeing Case - The DOJ's Response
To: <faigerayzel@gmail.com>
Cc:

Department of Justice Says No National Security Objections to Terror Victims Enforcing Judgments Against $17b Iranian/Boeing  Aircraft Deal     Victims Demanding Copy of Aircraft Manufacturer's Secret Agreement With Iran   In December, 2016 terror victims  filed a legal proceeding, in Chicago, to discover assets regarding Boeing's $16.6 billion contract to sell 80 airplanes to the Iranian national airline, IRANAIR.  Our goal was to discover all assets associated with the contract that we could potentially use to satisfy outstanding judgments held by victims and their families against Iran.   Since then, Boeing has persistently obstructed all of our efforts to discover any information about the contract, even going so far as to argue to the court that the proceeding must be dismissed because discovery would interfere with US foreign policy by obstructing a key component of the Iran deal. The Judge asked the United States Government to submit what is called a "Statement of Interest" as to whether, in its view, permitting discovery will in fact interfere with U.S. foreign policy or national security.  This week, in what is very good news for us in the Boeing case as well as for all terror victims holding judgments against Iran, the United States filed a statement taking no position on whether the Court should order the requested discovery.  Instead of adopting Boeing's position that U.S. foreign policy interests on this issue supersede those of terror victims, the government condemned the terrorist acts that gave rise to the case and reaffirmed its interest in U.S. victims of terrorism being able to seek compensation for their injuries.  As we also stressed in our briefs to the Court, the United States made very clear that under the terms of the Iran deal the Government is not required to take any action against efforts by judgment creditors of Iran (including terror victims) to pursue assets and enforce their judgments.  The court is free to rule as it sees fit on our request it compel Boeing to disclose the terms of its deal with IranAir.    For a copy of the Statement of Interest click here  Copyright © 2018 Shurat HaDin, All rights reserved. Shurat HaDin - Israel Law Center 10 Hata'as St. Ramat Gan, 52512 Israel Israel Phone: 972-3-7514175  |  US Phone: 646-661-2811    Fax: 972-3-7514174 info@israellawcenter.org http://www.israellawcenter.org

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Letter of Rabbi Mordechai Tendler on Administrative Detention: It is against Jewish Law. Correspondence re: Elisha Odess May 24, 2016

bs"d

Please check out the Google drive Folder link below. There are some other  interesting  files including a word document, spelling out the Mitzvoth we acquire by pursuing justice. 

---------- Forwarded message ----------
From: Robin Ticker <faigerayzel@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, May 24, 2016 at 11:18 PM
Subject: letter by Rabbi Mordechai Tendler
To: Ilana Odess <iodess@hotmail.com>
Cc: Rabbi Mordechai Tendler <RTOFNH@aol.com>, Rabbi Feldman <RAF@nirc.edu>, Rabbi Dovid Feinstein <cpy145@aol.com>, Shmuel Koenig <shmuelkoenig@verizon.net>

bs"d

Dear Ilana, amv"sh

Here is a copy of the letter written on behalf of Meir Ettinger by Rabbi Mordechai Tendler.  As you can see from this letter, Rabbi Tendler says that the concept of Administrative Detention is against Jewish Law. 

https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/0B86sGl9yfinjZmlwU3VWSURBVkU

I am CCing Rabbi Feldman and Rabbi Dovid Feinstein as well so that they understand that there is great suffering right now by families of others who are under Administrative Detention. 

Rabbi Feldman told Shmuel Koenig and my understanding was  that he wrote a letter on behalf of Meir Ettinger to Prime Minister Netanyahu, saying that Administrative Detention is not democratic and would only make the Prime Minister look bad.  

In November 21-27 1980 issue front page Jewish Press article that Rabbi Moshe Feinstein zt"l, the great Rabbinic Posek HaDor, sent a telegram to Menachem Begin on behalf of Rabbi Meir Kahane when he too was under Administrative detention. Here is a link to the article as sent to me by Rebbezin Libby Kahane. https://drive.google.com/file/d/0B86sGl9yfinjNm5WX2tGbkNPclVUOV9WZlhPenpXczhSaTdV/view?usp=sharing.

PM Netanyahu the Prime Minister to his credit has now replaced Yaalon with Avigdor Lieberman.

Under Yaalon, Administrative Detention was a common scenario implemented in the territories of Judea and Samaria under martial law. 

Ilana, you told me of the terrible suffering your family, you, your mother, your brother's family  are now experiencing with the indictment of your nephew Elisha Odess following months of being under house arrest for his suspected planning of the arson attack in Duma and/or some other Nationalist crimes.  Not to mention the burden of carrying immense legal fees on his behalf.

Yet there is very good reason to believe that Arabs perpetrated this arson and Jews were not at all involved.  Was a proper investigation ever conducted.  Apparently not.  Only Jews were investigated.  http://honenu.org/new-developments-in-kfar-duma-case/

"The investigation of one fire out of many in Kfar Duma has been carried out, but only Jews have been targeted as possible suspects, and they have been subjected to mercilesstorture, which does not yield credible results, but rather results which do not correspond to testimonies given by residents of the town and evidence found at the site.
"Most of the story has yet to be revealed in the Kfar Duma case, and we hope that the truth about the incidents of arson and the conduct of the investigating authorities will be revealed to the public."

Meanwhile, you and your family and Honenu lawyers all report that Elisha who is now 17 was tortured in jail to the point that he confessed to a crime he did not commit. Initially he denied any involvement but then, according to his lawyers, in order to stop the unbearable torture told his captors that they should tell him what they wish to hear and he will confess to it. 

Such evidence is not permissible in a legit court of law and would be thrown out.  

Elisha, 17 is now still sitting in jail waiting for a trial, after months of Administrative detention,  that is slow in coming,  that could probably free him if it was conducted in a fair hearing rather than a kangaroo court.That in itself is a criminal act against a 17 year old.!

This is a violation of  basic human and civil rights in any Democracy.  

'Apparently, Habeas Corpus is not  required when martial law is applied in Judea and Samaria. 

The larger question needs to be asked.  Why are settlers of Judea and Samaria not awarded the same basic human and civil rights as other Israelis?  This too is being debated in the Knesset and surely a fair and transparent trial would hopefully raise awareness and contribute to hopefully restore righteousness and justice  to the Israeli Judicial Courts System as in the days of King Solomon. (But perhaps such a statement might be reason to convict me of a Nationalist Crime.) 

Now is the time to raise these matters with the incoming Defense Minister Avigdor Lieberman. 

Is it no wonder that Israel is being blood libeled and accused of terrorizing and murdering Palestinians when they themselves are accusing innocent Jewish youths of a blood libel at Duma? 

--

Sincerely,

Robin Ticker

Israel Advocacy Calendar (www.IsraelAdvocacyCalendar.com).

Activist emails sent to my list  are L'Ilui Nishmat Yisrael ben David Aryeh ob"m (Izzy - Kaplan) and Howard Chaim Grief great activists and lovers of Eretz Yisroel, Am Yisroel and the Torah. Yehi Zichronum Baruch.  May their memories serve as a blessing. 

Most of these emails are posted on Shemittahrediscovered.blogspot.com 

Personal emails to individuals will not be posted to my blog.  

Please Davan for Elisha Chaim ben Naama Leah and write a letter to Justice Minister Ayelet Shaked and cc: MK Gilad Erdan A Personal Request from Ruti Itzkowitz

bs"d

Fwd: Personal Request on the matter of Parshat Duma from Ruti Itzkowitz

https://shemittahrediscovered.blogspot.com/2018/02/fwd-personal-request-on-matter-of.html

Please davan for Elisha Chaim ben Naama Leah

Write a letter to MK Ayelet Shaked and cc: Gilad Erdan

bcc: רות איזיקוביץ <ruti.eisikowitch@gmail.com>

My personal letter 

Subject:  Free Elisha Odess 

To: MK Ayelet Shaked <ashaked@knesset.gov.il>
Cc: MK Gilad Erdan <gerdan@knesset.gov.il>

Bcc:  רות איזיקוביץ <ruti.eisikowitch@gmail.com> 

Dear MK Shaked, amv"sh

The Justice System in Israel and the ISA (aka Shin Bet aka Shabak) is getting bad press because of this. 

FYI:
Jewish Press article and  VosizNeias article.

Seeking Confession at All Costs, Israeli Court, AG, Endorsed Torture of Jewish-American Minor by David Israel

http://www.jewishpress.com/news/police-news/seeking-confession-at-all-costs-israeli-court-ag-endorsed-torture-of-jewish-american-minor/2018/02/08/ 

 
ISRAEL OPENS BRUTALITY INVESTIGATION AGAINST SHIN BET: 

  https://www.vosizneias.com/290471/2018/02/01/jerusalem-israel-opens-brutality-probe-against-shin-bet-security-service/

--

Sincerely,

Robin Ticker

Activist emails sent to my list  are L'Ilui Nishmat Yisrael ben David Aryeh ob"m (Izzy - Kaplan) and Howard Chaim Grief great activists and lovers of Eretz Yisroel, Am Yisroel and the Torah. Yehi Zichronum Baruch.  May their memories serve as a blessing. 

Most of these emails are posted on Shemittahrediscovered.blogspot.com

Personal emails to individuals will not be posted to my blog. 

Fwd: בקשה אישית בעניין עינוי עצור פרשת דומא Personal Request on the matter of Parshat Duma from Ruti Itzkowitz

bs"d

letter from Ruti Itzkowitz translation with the help of Google translate.  Hebrew below.  

שבוע טוב 

good week

כידוע לכם, מאז תחילת פרשת דומא, לפני שנתיים וחצי, הוארך מעצר אחד החשודים, א', אינספור פעמים, והמשפט (אם בכלל) לא נראה באופק.

As you know, since the beginning of the story of Duma, two and a half years ago, there was detention of one of the suspects, E., countless times, and the trial (if any) is not in sight.

גלעד ארדן: החשודים בהצתה בדומא לא יעמדו למשפט בקרוב 

Gilad Erdan: arson suspects Duma will not stand trial soon

משטרת?] ישראל עדיין מנסה לאסוף ראיות נגד אנשי הימין הקיצוני שנעצרו בחשד להצתה בכפר דומא ביולי האחרון, כך אמר היום (שישי) השר לבטחון פנים גלעד ארדן. ארדן הוסיף כי הסיכויים למשפט נגד החשודים בקרוב - נמוכים.  [Police?] Israel is still trying to gather evidence against right-wing extremists who were arrested on suspicion of arson in the village of Duma last July, said Gilad Erdan MInister of Internal Security  today (Friday). Erden added that prospects for the trial to be held soon, against the suspects are low.

רויטרס / 04/12/2015 12:17

 REUTERS  / 04/12/2015 12:17

24 בדצמ׳ 2015 - השב"כ הודה כי נקט פרקטיקות מסוימות של עינויים בחקירת החשודים היהודים ברצח משפחת דוואבשה בדומא.  

24 Dec 2015 - The Shabak  admitted  that some of the practices adopted torture in investigating the Jews suspected of murder of Dawabsheh Family in  Duma. . 

26.12.15- השרה שקד אחרי פגישה עם בני משפחות העצורים:  "דברתי עם היועמ"ש וראיתי שהכל נעשה בהתאם לחוק ובליווי של מערכת המשפט

26/12/15 - Minister Ayelet Shaked, After meeting with the families of the detainees: "I have spoken with Legal Advisor and saw that everything was done in accordance with law and accompanied by the legal system. ''

בשב"כ מודים שחשודים ברצח בדומא עונו, אך לא הוטרדו מינית 

https://www.haaretz.co.il › חדשות › מדיני ביטחוני

Shabak admits that the Duma murder suspects were torchered, but not sexually harassed

https://www.haaretz.co.il   > News> Security policy

מצורפת כתבה שעיקריה- סיפור העינויים, הארכות מעצר "חוקיות" לכאורה, ע"י שופט/ת, אחרי לחישות השב"כ- חומר "חסוי", וגם אחרי "הודאת" הנחקר, בנימוק מסוכנותו, כביכול 

פצצה מתקתקת,  ושלילת זכויות, בין השאר מניעת אפשרות תפילה במנין, גם בחגים. ברור מפרטי החקירה (במאמר) שהחוקרים מבינים שהנחקר אינו יודע פרטים על מה 

שהתרחש בדומא, אבל הם ממשיכים בעינויים פיזיים ונפשיים. מכנים זאת סאדיזם לשמו!

Attached to the article whose main points are: story of torture, "lawful" extensions of detention allegedly by a judge, after  Shin Bet whispering the material was  "confidential", and after his "confession" of the suspect was the  proof for grounds of his being dangerous, so to speak [that he is a] a ticking bomb, and denial of his rights, among other things, preventing him from prayer in a Minyan, also on holidays. Obvious from the details of the investigation (in the article) the investigators understand that the detainee does not know anything about what happened in 

Duma, but they continue the  mental and physical torture. One can call this sadism for its own sake!

אחרי קריאת הפרטים, אסור לנו להישאר אדישים. המשפט, אם בכלל יוחלט לקיימו (למיטב ידיעתי עד עתה היה משפט זוטא על קבילות ההודאה), לא יתחיל בקרוב. מכיוון שהכרתי 

את סבתו של א' ושוחחתי איתה מספר פעמים, אני יודעת עד כמה היא סובלת בגלל סבלו לאין קץ של נכדה.  

After reading the details, we can not remain indifferent.  The trial, if it will be decided to take place (to best of my knowledge until now it was the trial based on the admissibility of the confession), will not start soon. 

Knowing the grandmother of A. and spoke with her several times, I know how she suffers because of the endless suffering of her grandson.

קיראו שוב את תגובת שרת המשפטים, שכעבור זמן לא רב נסתרה ע"י הודאת השב"כ עצמו בעינויים. 

אם גם אתם הזדעזעתם כמוני, אבקש מכם בכל לשון של בקשה, לפנות לשרת המשפטים,לשלוח לה את המאמר, בציון עובדת ההתעללות שאושרה ע"י השב"כ, ובדרישה לסיים את 

הסאגה המזעזעת הזאת. 

Read again the response of the Minister of Justice, that would soon contradicted by the Shin Bet own admission of the confession under torture.

If you also are as horrified and shaken as myself,  I will ask you all please to turn to the Justice Minister, to send the article , noting the fact that the abuse was approved by the Shabak, and demand and end to this shocking saga.

פנייה אחת תיזרק לסל. למאות פניות היא לא תוכל שלא להגיב. אם וכאשר תשלחו, אנא השיבו בטובכם לכתובת המייל שלי (לעיל) אישור ששלחתם, כדי שאם לא תגיב, 

אוכל לפרסם זאת. ציון תארים אקדמיים ואחרים ליד שמכם, עשוי גם הוא להועיל.

One appeal will be thrown to the garbage. Hundreds of requests can not be ignored. If and when you send, please kindly respond to my e-mail address (above) confirmation that you sent, so if they  do not respond,

I  can publicize it.  Indicate Academic degrees and the other Titles by your name, as it may also be useful.

ואם יעלה הרצון לפניכם, הפיצו.

And if you so desire, spread the word.

Address: 

ASHAKED@KNESSET.GOV.IL

Copy Arden: Gerdan@KNESSET.GOV.IL

with gratitude

Ruth Eisikovits

---------- Forwarded message ----------

From: רות איזיקוביץ <ruti.eisikowitch@gmail.com>

Date: 2018-02-10 15:36 GMT-05:00

Subject: בקשה אישית בעניין עינוי עצור פרשת דומא

To: 

שבוע טוב 

כידוע לכם, מאז תחילת פרשת דומא, לפני שנתיים וחצי, הוארך מעצר אחד החשודים, א', אינספור פעמים, והמשפט (אם בכלל) לא נראה באופק.

גלעד ארדן: החשודים בהצתה בדומא לא יעמדו למשפט בקרוב

[משטרת?] ישראל עדיין מנסה לאסוף ראיות נגד אנשי הימין הקיצוני שנעצרו בחשד להצתה בכפר דומא ביולי האחרון, כך אמר היום (שישי) השר לבטחון פנים גלעד ארדן. ארדן הוסיף כי הסיכויים למשפט נגד החשודים בקרוב - נמוכים. 

רויטרס / 04/12/2015 12:17

24 בדצמ׳ 2015 - השב"כ הודה כי נקט פרקטיקות מסוימות של עינויים בחקירת החשודים היהודים ברצח משפחת דוואבשה בדומא. . 

26.12.15- השרה שקד אחרי פגישה עם בני משפחות העצורים:  "דברתי עם היועמ"ש וראיתי שהכל נעשה בהתאם לחוק ובליווי של מערכת המשפט''.

בשב"כ מודים שחשודים ברצח בדומא עונו, אך לא הוטרדו מינית 

https://www.haaretz.co.il › חדשות › מדיני ביטחוני

מצורפת כתבה שעיקריה- סיפור העינויים, הארכות מעצר "חוקיות" לכאורה, ע"י שופט/ת, אחרי לחישות השב"כ- חומר "חסוי", וגם אחרי "הודאת" הנחקר, בנימוק מסוכנותו, כביכול 

פצצה מתקתקת,  ושלילת זכויות, בין השאר מניעת אפשרות תפילה במנין, גם בחגים. ברור מפרטי החקירה (במאמר) שהחוקרים מבינים שהנחקר אינו יודע פרטים על מה 

שהתרחש בדומא, אבל הם ממשיכים בעינויים פיזיים ונפשיים. מכנים זאת סאדיזם לשמו!

אחרי קריאת הפרטים, אסור לנו להישאר אדישים. המשפט, אם בכלל יוחלט לקיימו (למיטב ידיעתי עד עתה היה משפט זוטא על קבילות ההודאה), לא יתחיל בקרוב. מכיוון שהכרתי 

את סבתו של א' ושוחחתי איתה מספר פעמים, אני יודעת עד כמה היא סובלת בגלל סבלו לאין קץ של נכדה.  

קיראו שוב את תגובת שרת המשפטים, שכעבור זמן לא רב נסתרה ע"י הודאת השב"כ עצמו בעינויים. 

אם גם אתם הזדעזעתם כמוני, אבקש מכם בכל לשון של בקשה, לפנות לשרת המשפטים,לשלוח לה את המאמר, בציון עובדת ההתעללות שאושרה ע"י השב"כ, ובדרישה לסיים את 

הסאגה המזעזעת הזאת. 

פנייה אחת תיזרק לסל. למאות פניות היא לא תוכל שלא להגיב. אם וכאשר תשלחו, אנא השיבו בטובכם לכתובת המייל שלי (לעיל) אישור ששלחתם, כדי שאם לא תגיב, 

אוכל לפרסם זאת. ציון תארים אקדמיים ואחרים ליד שמכם, עשוי גם הוא להועיל.

ואם יעלה הרצון לפניכם, הפיצו.

כתובתה:  

ASHAKED@KNESSET.GOV.IL

להעתק לארדן: gerdan@KNESSET.GOV.IL 

בתודה

רותי איזיקוביץ

-- 

Sincerely, 

Robin Ticker

Activist emails sent to my list  are L'Ilui Nishmat Yisrael ben David Aryeh ob"m (Izzy - Kaplan) and Howard Chaim Grief great activists and lovers of Eretz Yisroel, Am Yisroel and the Torah. Yehi Zichronum Baruch.  May their memories serve as a blessing. 

Most of these emails are posted on Shemittahrediscovered.blogspot.com 

Re: A Primer on Constitutional Democracy for the Citizens of Israel by Prof. Paul Eidelberg Ph.D

On Feb 9, 2018 7:01 AM, "Paul Eidelberg" <foundation612.12@gmail.com> wrote:

A Primer on Constitutional Democracy for the Citizens of Israel

Prof. Paul Eidelberg (Ph.D. University of Chicago)

 

To simplify matters, let us ignore the controversy as to whether the original Constitution of the United States exemplifies a "Democracy" or a "Republic." True, Article IV, Section 4, of the Constitution guarantees to every State of the Union a "Republican Form of Government." but for present purposes, let us yield to contemporary terminology, which designates the U.S. as a Constitutional democracy.

In theory, constitutionalism, and therefore constitutional democracy, is rooted in ethical principles.  The source of these ethical principles is none other than the Bible of Israel. Protestant social reformers, especially the Puritans of New England, saw in the Mosaic Law models for modern government. The Puritans tried to emulate the "Old Testament" legislation in organizing their own colonial regimes. Many New England divines agreed with Harvard president Samuel Langdon when he declared, in his election sermon of 1775, that "the Jewish government, if considered merely in a civil view, was a perfect republic." Yale president Rev. Ezra Stiles, who studied the Talmud and conversed with rabbis, agreed with Langdon that the American Constitution was based on the Ten Commandments.

Although constitutionalism is rooted in ethical principles, no explicit reference to the cultivation of virtue or righteousness appears in most constitutions, including that of the United States. In fact, with the waning of aristocratic and religious values which still influenced democracy at its birth in the 18th century, but which today have been undermined by moral relativism, constitutional democracy has become increasingly normless. Nevertheless, in this essay, I shall present constitutional democracy at its best. The reader should bear in mind, however, that constitutional democracy, at its best, approaches Jewish democracy.

The Idea of an Ethical Community

Constitutional democracy implies the idea of an ethical community, one that transcends such ethically neutral principles as universal suffrage and majority rule. In a constitutional democracy, the authority of the majority is limited by legal and institutional means to safeguard the rights of individuals and minorities and thereby promote justice and fairness.

Although based on popular sovereignty, constitutional democracy implies recognition on the part of the people that there is a need to protect themselves from their own impulses. Whether written or unwritten, a constitution is a check on arbitrary human will. It regulates popular voting, terms of office, divisions of power, and how these rules can be changed only by sustained effort rather than by the whim of the people or their representatives.

To ensure careful and sober deliberation, an extraordinary majority is required for amending a constitution. This requirement has an extraordinary implication. It places in question the idea that a numerically superior portion of a people is entitled to greater influence over public decisions than a numerically inferior one—at least on constitutional issues, which, after all, may affect a people's way of life or national identity.

Unlike plebiscitary democracy, which ignores the necessity of moral restraints on the people, constitutional democracy places checks on the tendency of groups and individuals to impose their own ideas of what is politically desirable on others. Constitutionalism is therefore an expression of man's own moral will, his capacity for self-restraint, his concern for justice and the common good.

Not that constitutionalism ignores the egotistical side of human nature. It recognizes politics as an area of group conflict and self-aggrandizement. But constitutional democracy attempts to purge politics of the egotism that would crush everything in its way.

First, it limits the powers of government to prevent majority as well as minority tyranny. As may be seen in the American Constitution, the powers of government are divided among different branches, those responsible for legislative, executive, and judicial functions. Each branch of government has adequate power to check the powers of other branches. Checks and balances may include the power of judicial review. The courts may declare actions of other branches of government to be contrary to the constitution and therefore null and void.   However, the American Constitution empowers the legislature to limit the appellate jurisdiction of the Supreme Court—in theory, at least, a check against judicial imperialism. 

The principle of institutional checks and balances translates the self-restraint taught in the family to the public domain. What began as family morality metamorphoses into public morality. The fundamental values of constitutional democracy reflect a paramount concern with human dignity and the worth of each individual. Individual rights to life, liberty, and property are protected by law (as they are in the Torah, which emphasizes men's duties). Constitutional democracy includes among its highest purposes the protection of freedom of conscience and freedom of expression. These freedoms have value both for the healthy functioning of constitutional democracy and for the full development of the human personality (which surely includes wisdom and virtue, of which even constitutional democracy, unlike Judaism, fails to emphasize).

In constitutional democracy, citizens are free not only to debate the actions and policies of their elected officials but also to express their thoughts about politics, art, religion or any other topic without fear of recrimination. Citizens have access to unbiased information from independent publishers, radio, television, and other means of communication. There is an established process to detect and correct errors in procedures used in the gathering of information and the making of governmental decisions.

Constitutional democracies recognize and protect the integrity of a private and social realm comprised of family, personal, religious, and other associations and activities. This space of uncoerced human association is the basis of a civil society free from unfair and unreasonable intrusions by government.

Individuals have the right to acquire and own property. They are free to establish private businesses free from unreasonable government regulation. The political system protects and promotes equality of political, economic, and social opportunity, a precondition of which is reduction of gross disparities of wealth.

Women are accorded the same political, economic, and legal protections as those accorded to men. All persons are entitled to the equal protection of the law. They are free from discrimination based on gender, age, race, ethnicity, religious beliefs, class or socio-economic status.

 All persons are entitled to due process of law. Law-enforcement agencies are required to use procedures that protect the rights of those suspected of crimes. Individuals are free from arbitrary arrest and detention. They are secure in their homes and property from arbitrary search and seizure. Arrested individuals are informed of their rights and brought promptly before a judge to be informed of charges against them. Individuals have the right to have a court or other impartial body determine the legality of their arrest and detention. The accused have the right to refrain from testifying against themselves. They have the right to counsel for assistance in their defense. Government is required to provide counsel for those who cannot pay for legal assistance.

Clearly, constitutional democracy presupposes a highly civilized people, an ethical community in which justice dwells with fairness and compassion. It should also be clear, however, that not all peoples have the moral and intellectual qualifications required for constitutional democracy.   This fact should significantly affect the foreign policy of a country like Israel, which, although it falls far short of being a constitutional democracy, nonetheless boasts of being a democracy.☼

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